How can ecological urbanism promote human health?

Carregando...
Imagem de Miniatura
Citações na Scopus
2
Tipo de produção
article
Data de publicação
2016
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título do Volume
Editora
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná
Citação
URBE. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GESTãO URBANA, v.8, n.1, p.77-95, 2016
Projetos de Pesquisa
Unidades Organizacionais
Fascículo
Resumo
Abstract This special issue of URBE dedicated to Ecological Urbanism focuses on the role architects, landscape designers and urban planners can play in promoting healthier cities in Latin America. In this paper, we survey some of the empirical evidence that links the built environment with particular health outcomes. For many centuries, urban settlements were associated with adverse health outcomes, especially related to untreatable epidemics. As the science of disease transmission developed throughout the nineteenth century, the infrastructure of cities was transformed to promote improved public health. Significant gains were made, but in much of the world – Latin America included – urban health still remains a major challenge, all the more so as drug resistant strains of disease have become more prevalent. We believe Ecological Urbanism offers a promising framework for addressing these challenges. Distinguished by its integrated, multi-disciplinary foundation, Ecological Urbanism directly links both population and habitat health. This creates a natural opportunity for the design professions to play a more consequential role in shaping the health of urban settlements and, by extension, the regions they center.
Resumo Esta edição especial sobre urbanismo ecológico da revista Urbe destaca o esforço de arquitetos, urbanistas e designers em contribuir para cidades mais sustentáveis na América Latina. O objetivo deste estudo é oferecer aos arquitetos e urbanistas evidências científicas sobre como o meio ambiente urbano impacta a saúde. Historicamente, o viver nas cidades primeiro se associou com piores condições de saúde, representando um risco maior para cólera e doenças infecciosas. Depois das medidas sanitárias, viver nas cidades passou a ser uma vantagem para a saúde, quando comparado com a vida rural. Atualmente, a América Latina ainda convive com doenças infecciosas características do passado, ao mesmo tempo em que enfrenta um aumento crescente na incidência de doenças crônicas, classe de doenças que prevalecem na cidade e são modificadas pelo ambiente urbano. Com foco multidisciplinar e abordagem fluída entre diferentes escalas de análise, o Urbanismo Ecológico surge como uma solução promissora para proteger simultaneamente a saúde das pessoas e do planeta. Nós esperamos que, depois desta discussão, arquitetos e urbanistas usem a abordagem do Urbanismo Ecológico para abraçar a ideia de proteger a saúde através do exercício de suas profissões.
Palavras-chave
Urban health, Healthy cities, Ecological urbanism, Air pollution, Urban food production, Cidades saudáveis, Urbanismo ecológico, Mobilidade urbana, Poluição do ar, Agricultura urbana
Referências
  1. AKBARI H, 2005, Energy Saving Potentials and Air Quality Benefits of Urban Heat Island Mitigation
  2. Andrade MDF, 2004, INT J ENVIRON POLLUT, V22, P460, DOI 10.1504/IJEP.2004.005681
  3. Weich S, 2001, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V178, P222, DOI 10.1192/bjp.178.3.222
  4. Mueller N, 2015, PREV MED, V76, P103, DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.010
  5. Rydin Y, 2012, LANCET, V379, P2079, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60435-8
  6. Watts N, 2015, LANCET, V386, P1861, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6
  7. Augustsson ALM, 2015, ENVIRON RES, V138, P181, DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2015.01.020
  8. Warming M, 2015, ENVIRON POLLUT, V202, P17, DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.011
  9. Laschewski G, 2002, CLIMATE RES, V21, P91, DOI 10.3354/cr021091
  10. Guo YM, 2014, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V25, P781, DOI 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000165
  11. Nawrot TS, 2011, LANCET, V377, P732, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9
  12. Wilkinson P, 2009, LANCET, V374, P1917, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61713-X
  13. Marengo JA, 2009, INT J CLIMATOL, V29, P2241, DOI 10.1002/joc.1863
  14. Galea S, 2011, EPIGENETICS-US, V6, P400, DOI 10.4161/epi.6.4.14944
  15. Angotti T, 2015, PUBLIC HEALTH, V129, P336, DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.12.008
  16. Zezza A, 2010, FOOD POLICY, V35, P265, DOI 10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.04.007
  17. Freitas ED, 2007, BOUND-LAY METEOROL, V122, P43, DOI 10.1007/s10546-006-9091-3
  18. Becerra Janeth Mosquera, 2013, Cad. Saúde Pública, V29, P654, DOI 10.1590/S0102-311X2013000400004
  19. Corburn J, 2004, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V94, P541, DOI 10.2105/AJPH.94.4.541
  20. Smith KR, 2011, LANCET, V378, P1717, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60921-5
  21. O'Reilly KMA, 2007, AM FAM PHYSICIAN, V75, P683
  22. SALDIVA PHN, 1992, ENVIRON RES, V57, P19, DOI 10.1016/S0013-9351(05)80016-7
  23. Ferri R, 2015, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V518, P507, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.072
  24. Gasparrini A, 2012, OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V69, P56, DOI 10.1136/oem.2010.059782
  25. Bartram J, 2005, LANCET, V365, P810, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17991-4
  26. Hara Y, 2013, SUSTAIN SCI, V8, P515, DOI 10.1007/s11625-012-0198-9
  27. Torreggiani D, 2012, CITIES, V29, P412, DOI 10.1016/j.cities.2011.12.006
  28. Berdahl P, 1997, ENERG BUILDINGS, V25, P149, DOI 10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01004-3
  29. Fajersztajn L, 2013, NAT REV CANCER, V13, P674, DOI 10.1038/nrc3572
  30. Haines A, 2009, LANCET, V374, P2104, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61759-1
  31. Bornstein R, 2000, ATMOS ENVIRON, V34, P507, DOI 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00374-X
  32. Tan JG, 2010, INT J BIOMETEOROL, V54, P75, DOI 10.1007/s00484-009-0256-x
  33. Ludwig J, 2013, AM ECON REV, V103, P226, DOI 10.1257/aer.103.3.226
  34. Vahlsing C, 2012, AIR QUAL ATMOS HLTH, V5, P393, DOI 10.1007/s11869-010-0131-2
  35. Wang XK, 2009, J AIR WASTE MANAGE, V59, P819, DOI 10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.819
  36. Wolch JR, 2014, LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN, V125, P234, DOI 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
  37. Hu FB, 2001, J AM COLL NUTR, V20, P5
  38. Clark HF, 2008, ENVIRON RES, V107, P312, DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2008.03.003
  39. Grandjean P, 2006, LANCET, V368, P2167, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69665-7
  40. Peen J, 2010, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V121, P84, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x
  41. Braga ALF, 2002, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V110, P859
  42. Merzel C, 2000, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V90, P909, DOI 10.2105/AJPH.90.6.909
  43. Cheng ZQ, 2011, J SOIL SEDIMENT, V11, P628, DOI 10.1007/s11368-011-0351-6
  44. Dora C, 2015, LANCET, V385, P380, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60605-X
  45. Swinton SM, 2007, ECOL ECON, V64, P245, DOI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.020
  46. Smith KR, 2013, ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH, V34, P159, DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114404
  47. Lim SS, 2012, LANCET, V380, P2224, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
  48. Gasparrini A, 2015, LANCET, V386, P369, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0
  49. Ollila E, 2011, SCAND J PUBLIC HEALT, V39, P11, DOI 10.1177/1403494810379895
  50. Laumbach R, 2014, INT J PUBLIC HEALTH, V59, P575, DOI 10.1007/s00038-014-0550-1
  51. Baranski M, 2014, BRIT J NUTR, V112, P794, DOI 10.1017/S0007114514001366
  52. Tohill BC, 2004, NUTR REV, V62, P365, DOI [10.1301/nr.2004.oct.365-374, 10.1301/nr.2004.oct.365374]
  53. Urban A, 2014, INT J BIOMETEOROL, V58, P1057, DOI 10.1007/s00484-013-0693-4
  54. Burt R, 2014, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V186, P195, DOI 10.1007/s10661-013-3366-1
  55. Harpham T, 2009, HEALTH PLACE, V15, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.03.004
  56. Burkart K, 2011, ENVIRON POLLUT, V159, P2035, DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.005
  57. Coelho MSZS, 2012, INT J BIOMETEOROL, V56, P233, DOI 10.1007/s00484-011-0419-4
  58. Galli G., 2014, Towards systemic change in urban sanitation
  59. Hsieh CC, 1999, CHEMOSPHERE, V39, P1433, DOI 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00045-4
  60. Krieger N., 2014, Urbanismo ecológico, P518
  61. Laborde A, 2015, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V123, P201, DOI 10.1289/ehp.1408292
  62. McMichael AJ, 1996, LSHTM PUBL HEAL FOR, P9
  63. Middle I, 2014, URBAN FOR URBAN GREE, V13, P638, DOI 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.001
  64. Mostafavi M., 2014, Urbanismo ecológico
  65. NEWMAN P., 1999, Cities and sustainability: reducing auto dependency
  66. Pucher J, 2008, TRANSPORT REV, V28, P495, DOI 10.1080/01441640701806612
  67. Rissel Chris E, 2009, N S W Public Health Bull, V20, P10, DOI 10.1071/NB08043
  68. Saldiva P., 2010, Meio ambiente e saúde: o desafio das metrópoles, P18
  69. Sebrie EM, 2008, PREV CONTROL, V3, P21, DOI 10.1016/j.precon.2007.09.001
  70. Shiue I, 2014, INT J CARDIOL, V171, pE1, DOI 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.040
  71. Snyder RE, 2014, J URBAN HEALTH, V91, P432, DOI 10.1007/s11524-013-9848-1
  72. SOUZA E. L. L., 2010, Etanol e bioeletricidade: A cana-de-açucar no futuro da matriz energética
  73. Thomson H, 2013, COCHRANE DB SYST REV, DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD008657.pub2
  74. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014, PROGR DRINK WAT SAN
  75. 2010, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, V2010, P1
  76. Caves Eleanor M., 2013, PLoS ONE, V8, P1
  77. 2005, Critical Public Health, V15, P147
  78. 2010, Landscape Journal, V29, P1
  79. 2001, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., V100, P487
  80. 2011, Health in the green economy: health co-benefits of climate change mitigation - the transport sector
  81. 1954, British Medical Journal, V1, P1451
  82. 2011, Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios: síntese de indicadores
  83. 2013, Climatic Change, V116, P705
  84. 2014, Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, V10, P31
  85. 2014, 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution
  86. 2004, Extreme Heat: A Prevention Guide to Promote Your Personal Health and Safety
  87. 2013, Environ Health Perspect, V121, P326
  88. 2010, Environmental Health Perspectives, V118, P298
  89. 2014, Growing greener cities in Latin America and the Caribbean: a FAO report on urban and peri-urban agriculture in the region
  90. 2014, Social determinants of mental health
  91. 2013, PLosS Neglected Tropical Disease, V7, P1
  92. 2015, Building a green for Europe environment infrastructure for Europe
  93. 2006, Excessive heat events guidebook
  94. 2014, Green infrastructure
  95. 2005, Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, V6, P39
  96. 2007, World Transport Policy & Practice, V13, P9
  97. 2015, American Economic Review
  98. 2014, Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento: diagnóstico dos serviços de água e esgotos: 2013
  99. 2013, Climate change 2013: the physical science basis
  100. 2015, Improved and unimproved water sources and sanitation facilities
  101. 2012, Project B3: water sensitive urban design and urban micro-climate
  102. 2015, The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, V12, P65
  103. 2004, Urban bioclimatology in health and global environmental change
  104. 2009, A review of human carcinogens. Part C: Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts - IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
  105. 2013, WHO-AIMS: report on mental health systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
  106. 2015, Obesity, V23, P1244
  107. 2010, Human Right to Water and Sanitation