Nutrition in Combat Sports

Carregando...
Imagem de Miniatura
Citações na Scopus
6
Tipo de produção
bookPart
Data de publicação
2018
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título do Volume
Editora
ELSEVIER
Autores
TRITTO, A. C.
FRANCHINI, E.
Citação
Artioli, G. G.; Solis, M. Y.; Tritto, A. C.; Franchini, E.. Nutrition in Combat Sports. In: . NUTRITION AND ENHANCED SPORTS PERFORMANCE: MUSCLE BUILDING, ENDURANCE, AND STRENGTH: ELSEVIER, 2018. p.109-122.
Projetos de Pesquisa
Unidades Organizacionais
Fascículo
Resumo
High-intensity intermittent efforts are applied in most combat sports. Major reasons of fatigue, tiredness, and reduced performance are caused by (1) muscle acidosis, (2) glycogen depletion in the muscle, (3) phosphocreatine depletion in the muscle, (4) dehydration, (5) elevated extracellular K+ concentration, and (6) micronutrient deficiency. The chapter highlights the importance of nutrients and nutritional strategies to minimize fatigue and maximize training adaptations in combat sports. Weight management and loss is a very vital parameter in combat athletes. This topic has been discussed. Finally this review highlighted diverse nutraceutical supplements that can be effectively used in sports performance. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Palavras-chave
Combat sports, Fatigue, Micronutrient deficiency, Muscle acidosis, Nutritional supplements, Rapid weight loss
Referências
  1. Franchini, E., Brito, C.J., Artioli, G.G., Weight loss in combat sports: physiological, psychological and performance effects (2012) J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 9, p. 52
  2. Campos, F.A., Bertuzzi, R., Dourado, A.C., Energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation (2012) Eur J Appl Physiol, 112 (4), pp. 1221-1228
  3. Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Franchini, E., Physiological, performance, and nutritional profile of the Brazilian Olympic Wushu (kung-fu) team (2009) J Strength Cond Res, 23 (1), pp. 20-25
  4. Franchini, E., del Vecchio, F.B., Matsushigue, K.A., Physiological profiles of elite judo athletes (2011) Sports Med, 41 (2), pp. 147-166
  5. Terbizan, D.J., Seljevold, P.J., Physiological profile of age-group wrestlers (1996) J Sports Med Phys Fit, 36 (3), pp. 178-185
  6. del Vecchio, F.B., Hirata, S.M., Franchini, E., A review of time-motion analysis and combat development in mixed martial arts matches at regional level tournaments (2011) Percept Mot Skills, 112 (2), pp. 639-648
  7. Julio, U.F., Panissa, V.L.G., Esteves, J.V., Energy-system contributions to simulated judo matches (2017) Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 12 (5), pp. 676-683
  8. Mandroukas, A., Heller, J., Metaxas, T.I., Deltoid muscle characteristics in wrestlers (2010) Int J Sports Med, 31 (3), pp. 148-153
  9. Horswill, C.A., Miller, J.E., Scott, J.R., Anaerobic and aerobic power in arms and legs of elite senior wrestlers (1992) Int J Sports Med, 13 (8), pp. 558-561
  10. Franchini, E., Sterkowicz, S., Szmatlan-Gabrys, U., Energy system contributions to the special judo fitness test (2011) Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 6 (3), pp. 334-343
  11. Artioli, G., Scagliusi, F., Kashiwagura, D., Development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns in judo players (2010) Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20 (1), pp. e177-87
  12. West, D.W., Burd, N.A., Coffey, V.G., Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise (2011) Am J Clin Nutr, 94 (3), pp. 795-803
  13. Bohe, J., Low, A., Wolfe, R.R., Human muscle protein synthesis is modulated by extracellular, not intramuscular amino acid availability: a dose-response study (2003) J Physiol, 552, pp. 315-324
  14. Phillips, S.M., Tipton, K.D., Aarsland, A., Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans (1997) Am J Physiol, 273 (1), pp. E99-E107
  15. Breen, L., Phillips, S.M., Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: interventions to counteract the 'anabolic resistance' of ageing (2011) Nutr Metab (Lond), 8, p. 68
  16. Atherton, P.J., Smith, K., Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise (2012) J Physiol, 590, pp. 1049-1057
  17. Tarnopolsky, M.A., Atkinson, S.A., MacDougall, J.D., Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes (1992) J Appl Physiol, 73 (5), pp. 1986-1995
  18. Morton, R.W., McGlory, C., Phillips, S.M., Nutritional interventions to augment resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy (2015) Front Physiol, 6, p. 245
  19. Schoenfeld, B.J., Aragon, A.A., Krieger, J.W., The effect of protein timing on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a meta-analysis (2013) J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 10, p. 53
  20. Greenhaff, P.L., Karagounis, L.G., Peirce, N., Disassociation between the effects of amino acids and insulin on signaling, ubiquitin ligases, and protein turnover in human muscle (2008) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 295 (3), pp. E595-E604
  21. Staples, A.W., Burd, N.A., West, D.W., Carbohydrate does not augment exercise-induced protein accretion versus protein alone (2011) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 43 (7), pp. 1154-1161
  22. Kowatari, K., Umeda, T., Shimoyama, T., Exercise training and energy restriction decrease neutrophil phagocytic activity in judoists (2001) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33 (4), pp. 519-524
  23. Koopman, R., Beelen, M., Stellingwerff, T., Coingestion of carbohydrate with protein does not further augment postexercise muscle protein synthesis (2007) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 293 (3), pp. E833-E842
  24. Rennie, M.J., Wackerhage, H., Spangenburg, E.E., Control of the size of the human muscle mass (2004) Annu Rev Physiol, 66, pp. 799-828
  25. Tipton, K.D., Elliott, T.A., Cree, M.G., Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise (2004) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36 (12), pp. 2073-2081
  26. Tang, J.E., Phillips, S.M., Maximizing muscle protein anabolism: the role of protein quality (2009) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12 (1), pp. 66-71
  27. Dangin, M., Boirie, Y., Guillet, C., Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects (2002) J Nutr, 132 (10). , 3228S-3233S
  28. Churchward-Venne, T.A., Burd, N.A., Phillips, S.M., Nutritional regulation of muscle protein synthesis with resistance exercise: strategies to enhance anabolism (2012) Nutr Metab (Lond), 9 (1), p. 40
  29. Cribb, P.J., Hayes, A., Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy (2006) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38 (11), pp. 1918-1925
  30. Wilkinson, S.B., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Macdonald, M.J., Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage (2007) Am J Clin Nutr, 85 (4), pp. 1031-1040
  31. Rodriguez, N.R., DiMarco, N.M., Langley, S., Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance (2009) J Am Diet Assoc, 109 (3), pp. 509-527
  32. Williams, M.H., Dietary supplements and sports performance: introduction and vitamins (2004) J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 1, pp. 1-6
  33. Umeda, T., Nakaji, S., Shimoyama, T., Adverse effects of energy restriction on changes in immunoglobulins and complements during weight reduction in judoists (2004) J Sports Med Phys Fit, 44 (3), pp. 328-334
  34. Driskell, J., Vitamins and trace elements in sports nutrition (2006) Sports nutrition, , CRC/Taylor & Francis, New York, J. Driskell, I. Wolinsky (Eds.)
  35. Lukaski, H.C., Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance (2004) Nutrition, 20 (7-8), pp. 632-644
  36. Woolf, K., Manore, M.M., B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? (2006) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 16 (5), pp. 453-484
  37. Cowell, B.S., Rosenbloom, C.A., Skinner, R., Policies on screening female athletes for iron deficiency in NCAA division I-A institutions (2003) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 13 (3), pp. 277-285
  38. Brownlie, T., Utermohlen, V., Hinton, P.S., Tissue iron deficiency without anemia impairs adaptation in endurance capacity after aerobic training in previously untrained women (2004) Am J Clin Nutr, 79 (3), pp. 437-443
  39. Brito, C.J., Gatti, K., Lacerda Mendes, E., Carbohydrate intake and immunosuppression during judo training (2011) Med dello Sport, 64 (4), pp. 393-408
  40. Carlton, A., Marc Orr, R., The effects of fluid loss on physical performance: a critical review (2015) J Sport Health Sci, 4 (4), pp. 357-363
  41. Nybo, L., Jensen, T., Nielsen, B., Effects of marked hyperthermia with and without dehydration on VO2 kinetics during intense exercise (2001) J Appl Physiol, 90 (3), pp. 1057-1064
  42. Sawka, M.N., Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation (1992) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 24 (6), pp. 657-670
  43. Montain, S.J., Sawka, M.N., Latzka, W.A., Thermal and cardiovascular strain from hypohydration: influence of exercise intensity (1998) Int J Sports Med, 19 (2), pp. 87-91
  44. Oppliger, R.A., Case, H.S., Horswill, C.A., American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Weight loss in wrestlers (1996) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 28 (6), pp. ix-xii
  45. Nybo, L., Cycling in the heat: performance perspectives and cerebral challenges (2010) Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20, pp. 71-79
  46. Ganio, M.S., Armstrong, L.E., Casa, D.J., Mild dehydration impairs cognitive performance and mood of men (2011) Br J Nutr, 106 (10), pp. 1535-1543
  47. Montain, S.J., Smith, S.A., Mattot, R.P., Hypohydration effects on skeletal muscle performance and metabolism: a 31P-MRS study (1998) J Appl Physiol, 84 (6), pp. 1889-1894
  48. Burdon, C.A., Johnson, N.A., Chapman, P.G., Influence of beverage temperature on palatability and fluid ingestion during endurance exercise: a systematic review (2012) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 22 (3), pp. 199-211
  49. Craig, E.N., Cummings, E.G., Dehydration and muscular work (1966) J Appl Physiol, 21 (2), pp. 670-674
  50. Judelson, D.A., Maresh, C.M., Farrell, M.J., Effect of hydration state on strength, power, and resistance exercise performance (2007) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39 (10), pp. 1817-1824
  51. Maughan, R.J., Shirreffs, S.M., Development of hydration strategies to optimize performance for athletes in high-intensity sports and in sports with repeated intense efforts (2010) Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20, pp. 59-69
  52. Sawka, M.N., Burke, L.M., Eichner, E.R., American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement (2007) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39 (2), pp. 377-390
  53. Maughan, R.J., Fenn, C.E., Leiper, J.B., Effects of fluid, electrolyte and substrate ingestion on endurance capacity (1989) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 58 (5), pp. 481-486
  54. American College of Sports Medicine position stand on weight loss in wrestlers (1976) Med Sci Sports, 8 (2), pp. xi-xiii
  55. Prouteau, S., Pelle, A., Collomp, K., Bone density in elite judoists and effects of weight cycling on bone metabolic balance (2006) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38 (4), pp. 694-700
  56. Alderman, B.L., Landers, D.M., Carlson, J., Factors related to rapid weight loss practices among international-style wrestlers (2004) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36 (2), pp. 249-252
  57. Wrestling and weight control (1967) JAMA, 201 (7), pp. 131-133
  58. Artioli, G.G., Franchini, E., Lancha Junior, A.H., Rapid weight loss in grapling combat sports: review and applied recommendations (in Portuguese) (2006) Braz J Kinanthropometry Hum Perform, 8 (2), pp. 92-101
  59. Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Franchini, E., Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of rapid weight loss among judo competitors (2010) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42 (3), pp. 436-442
  60. Brownell, K.D., Steen, S.N., Wilmore, J.H., Weight regulation practices in athletes: analysis of metabolic and health effects (1987) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 19 (6), pp. 546-556
  61. Fogelholm, M., Effects of bodyweight reduction on sports performance (1994) Sports Med, 18 (4), pp. 249-267
  62. Kiningham, R.B., Gorenflo, D.W., Weight loss methods of high school wrestlers (2001) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33 (5), pp. 810-813
  63. Oppliger, R.A., Landry, G.L., Foster, S.W., Wisconsin minimum weight program reduces weight-cutting practices of high school wrestlers (1998) Clin J Sport Med, 8 (1), pp. 26-31
  64. Oppliger, R.A., Steen, S.A., Scott, J.R., Weight loss practices of college wrestlers (2003) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 13 (1), pp. 29-46
  65. Oppliger, R.A., Utter, A.C., Scott, J.R., NCAA rule change improves weight loss among national championship wrestlers (2006) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38 (5), pp. 963-970
  66. McMurray, R.G., Proctor, C.R., Wilson, W.L., Effect of caloric deficit and dietary manipulation on aerobic and anaerobic exercise (1991) Int J Sports Med, 12 (2), pp. 167-172
  67. Tipton, C.M., Tcheng, T.K., Iowa wrestling study. Weight loss in high school students (1970) JAMA, 214 (7), pp. 1269-1274
  68. Oppliger, R.A., Landry, G.L., Foster, S.W., Bulimic behaviors among interscholastic wrestlers: a statewide survey (1993) Pediatrics, 91 (4), pp. 826-831
  69. Allen, T.E., Smith, D.P., Miller, D.K., Hemodynamic response to submaximal exercise after dehydration and rehydration in high school wrestlers (1977) Med Sci Sports, 9 (3), pp. 159-163
  70. Imai, T., Seki, S., Dobashi, H., Effect of weight loss on T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell function in elite athletes (2002) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34 (2), pp. 245-250
  71. Strauss, R.H., Lanese, R.R., Malarkey, W.B., Weight loss in amateur wrestlers and its effect on serum testosterone levels (1985) JAMA, 254 (23), pp. 3337-3338
  72. Filaire, E., Rouveix, M., Pannafieux, C., Eating attitudes, perfectionism and body-esteem of male judoists and cyclists (2007) J Sports Sci Med, 6, pp. 50-57
  73. Horswill, C.A., Park, S.H., Roemmich, J.N., Changes in the protein nutritional status of adolescent wrestlers (1990) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 22 (5), pp. 599-604
  74. Roemmich, J.N., Sinning, W.E., Weight loss and wrestling training: effects on nutrition, growth, maturation, body composition, and strength (1997) J Appl Physiol, 82 (6), pp. 1751-1759
  75. Roemmich, J.N., Sinning, W.E., Weight loss and wrestling training: effects on growth-related hormones (1997) J Appl Physiol, 82 (6), pp. 1760-1764
  76. Brito, C.J., Roas, A.F., Brito, I.S., Methods of body mass reduction by combat sport athletes (2012) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 22 (2), pp. 89-97
  77. Saarni, S.E., Rissanen, A., Sarna, S., Weight cycling of athletes and subsequent weight gain in middleage (2006) Int J Obes (Lond), 30 (11), pp. 1639-1644
  78. Hyperthermia and dehydration-related deaths associated with intentional rapid weight loss in three collegiate wrestlers-North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December 1997 (1998) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 47 (6), pp. 105-108
  79. Davis, S.E., Dwyer, G.B., Reed, K., Preliminary investigation: the impact of the NCAA wrestling weight certification program on weight cutting (2002) J Strength Cond Res, 16 (2), pp. 305-307
  80. Artioli, G.G., Iglesias, R.T., Franchini, E., Rapid weight loss followed by recovery time does not affect judo-related performance (2010) J Sports Sci, 23, pp. 1-12
  81. Mourier, A., Bigard, A.X., de Kerviler, E., Combined effects of caloric restriction and branched-chain amino acid supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in elite wrestlers (1997) Int J Sports Med, 18 (1), pp. 47-55
  82. Baptista, I.L., Leal, M.L., Artioli, G.G., Leucine attenuates skeletal muscle wasting via inhibition of ubiquitin ligases (2010) Muscle Nerve, 41 (6), pp. 800-808
  83. Klinzing, J.E., Karpowicz, W., The effects of rapid weight loss and rehydratation on a wrestling performance test (1986) J Sports Med Phys Fit, 26 (2), pp. 149-156
  84. Webster, S., Rutt, R., Weltman, A., Physiological effects of a weight loss regimen practiced by college wrestlers (1990) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 22 (2), pp. 229-234
  85. Serfass, R.C., Stull, G.A., Alexander, F.F., The effects of rapid weight loss and attempted rehydration on strength and endurance of the handgripping muscles in college wrestlers (1984) Res Q Exerc Sport, 55 (1), pp. 46-52
  86. Horswill, C.A., Hickner, R.C., Scott, J.R., Weight loss, dietary carbohydrate modifications, and high intensity, physical performance (1990) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 22 (4), pp. 470-476
  87. Steen, S.N., Brownell, K.D., Patterns of weight loss and regain in wrestlers: has the tradition changed? (1990) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 22 (6), pp. 762-768
  88. Fogelholm, G.M., Koskinen, R., Laakso, J., Gradual and rapid weight loss: effects on nutrition and performance in male athletes (1993) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 25 (3), pp. 371-377
  89. Burge, C.M., Carey, M.F., Payne, W.R., Rowing performance, fluid balance, and metabolic function following dehydration and rehydration (1993) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 25 (12), pp. 1358-1364
  90. Rankin, J.W., Ocel, J.V., Craft, L.L., Effect of weight loss and refeeding diet composition on anaerobic performance in wrestlers (1996) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 28 (10), pp. 1292-1299
  91. Filaire, E., Maso, F., Degoutte, F., Food restriction, performance, psychological state and lipid values in judo athletes (2001) Int J Sports Med, 22 (6), pp. 454-459
  92. Degoutte, F., Jouanel, P., Begue, R.J., Food restriction, performance, biochemical, psychological, and endocrine changes in judo athletes (2006) Int J Sports Med, 27 (1), pp. 9-18
  93. McNaughton, L.R., Siegler, J., Midgley, A., Ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate (2008) Curr Sports Med Rep, 7 (4), pp. 230-236
  94. Requena, B., Zabala, M., Padial, P., Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate: ergogenic aids? (2005) J Strength Cond Res, 19 (1), pp. 213-224
  95. Derave, W., Everaert, I., Beeckman, S., Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training (2010) Sports Med, 40 (3), pp. 247-263
  96. Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Coelho, D.F., Does sodium-bicarbonate ingestion improve simulated judo performance? (2007) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 17 (2), pp. 206-217
  97. Mc Naughton, L., Thompson, D., Acute versus chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and anaerobic work and power output (2001) J Sports Med Phys Fit, 41 (4), pp. 456-462
  98. Artioli, G.G., Franchini, E., Nicastro, H., The need of a weight management control program in judo: a proposal based on the successful case of wrestling (2010) J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 7 (1), p. 15
  99. Saunders, B., de Salles Painelli, V., de Oliveira, L.F., Twenty-four weeks of β-alanine supplementation on carnosine content, related genes, and exercise (2017) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 49 (5), pp. 896-906
  100. Stellingwerff, T., Decombaz, J., Harris, R.C., Optimizing human in vivo dosing and delivery of beta-alanine supplements for muscle carnosine synthesis (2012) Amino Acids, 43 (1), pp. 57-65
  101. Harris, R.C., Tallon, M.J., Dunnett, M., The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis (2006) Amino Acids, 30 (3), pp. 279-289
  102. Bauer, K., Schulz, M., Biosynthesis of carnosine and related peptides by skeletal muscle cells in primary culture (1994) Eur J Biochem, 219 (1-2), pp. 43-47
  103. Hobson, R.M., Saunders, B., Ball, G., Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis (2012) Amino Acids, 43 (1), pp. 25-37
  104. Tobias, G.C., Benatti, F.B., Roschel, H., The additive ergogenic effects of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate in high-intensity exercise performance (2013) Amino Acids, 45 (2), pp. 309-317
  105. de Andrade Kratz, C., de Salles Painelli, V., de Andrade Nemezio, K.M., Beta-alanine supplementation enhances judo-related performance in highly-trained athletes (2017) J Sci Med Sport, 20 (4), pp. 403-408
  106. Harris, R.C., Soderlund, K., Hultman, E., Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation (1992) Clin Sci (Lond), 83 (3), pp. 367-374
  107. Tarnopolsky, M.A., Caffeine and creatine use in sport (2010) Ann Nutr Metab, 57, pp. 1-8
  108. Powers, M.E., Arnold, B.L., Weltman, A.L., Creatine supplementation increases total body water without altering fluid distribution (2003) J Athl Train, 38 (1), pp. 44-50
  109. Knuth, S.T., Dave, H., Peters, J.R., Low cell pH depresses peak power in rat skeletal muscle fibres at both 30 degrees C and 15 degrees C: implications for muscle fatigue (2006) J Physiol, 575, pp. 887-899
  110. McKenna, M.J., Morton, J., Selig, S.E., Creatine supplementation increases muscle total creatine but not maximal intermittent exercise performance (1999) J Appl Physiol, 87 (6), pp. 2244-2252
  111. Oopik, V., Paasuke, M., Timpmann, S., Effects of creatine supplementation during recovery from rapid body mass reduction on metabolism and muscle performance capacity in well-trained wrestlers (2002) J Sports Med Phys Fit, 42 (3), pp. 330-339
  112. Crowe, M.J., Leicht, A.S., Spinks, W.L., Physiological and cognitive responses to caffeine during repeated, high-intensity exercise (2006) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 16 (5), pp. 528-544
  113. Stuart, G.R., Hopkins, W.G., Cook, C., Multiple effects of caffeine on simulated high-intensity team-sport performance (2005) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37 (11), pp. 1998-2005
  114. Pereira, L.A., Cyrino, E.S., Avelar, A., A ingestão de cafeína não melhora o desempenho de atletas de judô (2010) Motriz, 16 (3), pp. 714-722
  115. Lopes-Silva, J.P., Felippe, L.J., Silva-Cavalcante, M.D., Caffeine ingestion after rapid weight loss in judo athletes reduces perceived effort and increases plasma lactate concentration without improving performance (2014) Nutrients, 6 (7), pp. 2931-2945
  116. Souissi, M., Aloui, A., Chtourou, H., Caffeine ingestion does not affect afternoon muscle power and fatigue during Wingate test in elite judo players (2015) Biol Rhythm Res, 46 (2), pp. 291-298
  117. Lopes-Silva, J.P., Silva Santos, J.F., Branco, B.H., Caffeine ingestion increases estimated glycolytic metabolism during taekwondo combat simulation but does not improve performance or parasympathetic reactivation (2015) PLoS One, 10 (11), pp. 1-16
  118. Geyer, H., Parr, M.K., Koehler, K., Nutritional supplements cross-contaminated and faked with doping substances (2008) J Mass Spectrom, 43 (7), pp. 892-902
  119. Watson, P., Judkins, C., Houghton, E., Urinary nandrolone metabolite detection after ingestion of a nandrolone precursor (2009) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41 (4), pp. 766-772
  120. Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Smith, A., Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance (2010) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42 (6), pp. 1162-1173
  121. Yaspelkis, B.B., Patterson, J.G., Anderla, P.A., Carbohydrate supplementation spares muscle glycogen during variable-intensity exercise (1993) J Appl Physiol, 75 (4), pp. 1477-1485
  122. Biolo, G., Tipton, K.D., Klein, S., An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein (1997) Am J Physiol, 273 (1), pp. E122-E129
  123. Moore, D.R., Tang, J.E., Burd, N.A., Differential stimulation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis with protein ingestion at rest and after resistance exercise (2009) J Physiol, 587, pp. 897-904
  124. Res, P.T., Groen, B., Pennings, B., Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery (2012) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 44 (8), pp. 1560-1569
  125. Allen, D.G., Lamb, G.D., Westerblad, H., Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms (2008) Physiol Rev, 88 (1), pp. 287-332
  126. Lanza, I.R., Befroy, D.E., Kent-Braun, J.A., Age-related changes in ATP-producing pathways in human skeletal muscle in vivo (2005) J Appl Physiol, 99 (5), pp. 1736-1744
  127. Yoshimura, A., Toyoda, Y., Murakami, T., Glycogen depletion in intrafusal fibres in rats during short-duration high-intensity treadmill running (2005) Acta Physiol Scand, 185 (1), pp. 41-50
  128. Saltin, B., Aerobic and anaerobic work capacity after dehydration (1964) J Appl Physiol, 19, pp. 1114-1118
  129. Walsh, R.M., Noakes, T.D., Hawley, J.A., Impaired high-intensity cycling performance time at low levels of dehydration (1994) Int J Sports Med, 15 (7), pp. 392-398
  130. Kraemer, W.J., Fry, A.C., Rubin, M.R., Physiological and performance responses to tournament wrestling (2001) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33 (8), pp. 1367-1378
  131. (2002) Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids, , The National Academies Press
  132. Bergstrom, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance (1967) Acta Physiol Scand, 71 (2), pp. 140-150
  133. Robinson, T.M., Sewell, D.A., Hultman, E., Role of submaximal exercise in promoting creatine and glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle (1999) J Appl Physiol, 87 (2), pp. 598-604
  134. Gollnick, P.D., Piehl, K., Saltin, B., Selective glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres after exercise of varying intensity and at varying pedalling rates (1974) J Physiol, 241 (1), pp. 45-57
  135. Burke, L.M., Kiens, B., Ivy, J.L., Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery (2004) J Sports Sci, 22 (1), pp. 15-30
  136. Foskett, A., Williams, C., Boobis, L., Carbohydrate availability and muscle energy metabolism during intermittent running (2008) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 40 (1), pp. 96-103
  137. Phillips, S.M., Sproule, J., Turner, A.P., Carbohydrate ingestion during team games exercise: current knowledge and areas for future investigation (2011) Sports Med, 41 (7), pp. 559-585
  138. Jeukendrup, A.E., Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance (2004) Nutrition, 20 (7-8), pp. 669-677
  139. Jeukendrup, A.E., A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise (2014) Sports Med, 44, pp. 25-33
  140. Hargreaves, M., Hawley, J.A., Jeukendrup, A., Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance (2004) J Sports Sci, 22 (1), pp. 31-38
  141. Oosthuyse, T., Carstens, M., Millen, A.M., Ingesting isomaltulose versus fructose-maltodextrin during prolonged moderate-heavy exercise increases fat oxidation but impairs gastrointestinal comfort and cycling performance (2015) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 25 (5), pp. 427-438
  142. Gant, N., Stinear, C.M., Byblow, W.D., Carbohydrate in the mouth immediately facilitates motor output (2010) Brain Res, 1350, pp. 151-158
  143. Wojtaszewski, J.F., Nielsen, P., Kiens, B., Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in human skeletal muscle: effects of food intake and bicycle exercise (2001) Diabetes, 50 (2), pp. 265-269
  144. Arnall, D.A., Nelson, A.G., Quigley, J., Supercompensated glycogen loads persist 5 days in resting trained cyclists (2007) Eur J Appl Physiol, 99 (3), pp. 251-256
  145. Sherman, W.M., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J., Effect of exercise-diet manipulation on muscle glycogen and its subsequent utilization during performance (1981) Int J Sports Med, 2 (2), pp. 114-118
  146. Fairchild, T.J., Fletcher, S., Steele, P., Rapid carbohydrate loading after a short bout of near maximal-intensity exercise (2002) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34 (6), pp. 980-986
  147. van Hall, G., Shirreffs, S.M., Calbet, J.A., Muscle glycogen resynthesis during recovery from cycle exercise: no effect of additional protein ingestion (2000) J Appl Physiol, 88 (5), pp. 1631-1636
  148. Ivy, J.L., Katz, A.L., Cutler, C.L., Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion (1988) J Appl Physiol, 64 (4), pp. 1480-1485
  149. Cermak, N.M., Res, P.T., de Groot, L.C., Saris, W.H., van Loon, L.J., Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis (2012) Am J Clin Nutr, 96, pp. 1454-1464
  150. Burd, N.A., Tang, J.E., Moore, D.R., Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences (2009) J Appl Physiol, 106 (5), pp. 1692-1701
  151. Nicastro, H., Artioli, G.G., Costa Ados, S., An overview of the therapeutic effects of leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle under atrophic conditions (2010) Amino Acids, 40 (2), pp. 287-300
  152. Artioli, G.G., Franchini, E., Solis, M.Y., Recovery time between weigh-in and first match in State level judo competitions (2011) Braz J Phys Educ Sport, 25 (3), pp. 371-376
  153. Phillips, S.M., Tipton, K.D., Ferrando, A.A., Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover (1999) Am J Physiol, 276 (1), pp. E118-E124
  154. Tipton, K.D., Borsheim, E., Wolf, S.E., Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion (2003) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 284 (1), pp. E76-E89