Toxicity of Synthetic Cannabinoids in K2/Spice: A Systematic Review

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art_OLIVEIRA_Toxicity_of_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_in_K2Spice_A_Systematic_2023.PDF (1.43 MB)
Citações na Scopus
3
Tipo de produção
article
Data de publicação
2023
DOI
Scopus
Web of Science
PubMed
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título do Volume
Editora
MDPI
Autores
TORALES, Julio
VENTRIGLIO, Antonio
PERICO, Cintia de Azevedo-Marques
Citação
BRAIN SCIENCES, v.13, n.7, article ID 990, 17p, 2023
Projetos de Pesquisa
Unidades Organizacionais
Fascículo
Resumo
(1) Background: Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are emerging drugs of abuse sold as 'K2', 'K9' or 'Spice'. Evidence shows that using SCs products leads to greater health risks than cannabis. They have been associated with greater toxicity and higher addiction potential unrelated to the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, & UDelta;9-tetrahydrocannabinol (& UDelta;9-THC). Moreover, early cases of intoxication and death related to SCs highlight the inherent danger that may accompany the use of these substances. However, there is limited knowledge of the toxicology of Spice ingredients. This systematic review intends to analyze the toxicity of SCs compounds in Spice/K2 drugs. (2) Methods: Studies analyzing synthetic cannabinoid toxicity and dependence were included in the present review. We searched the PubMed database of the US National Library of Medicine, Google Scholar, CompTox Chemicals, and Web of Science up to May 2022. (3) Results: Sixty-four articles reporting the effects of synthetic cannabinoids in humans were included in our review. Ten original papers and fifty-four case studies were also included. Fourteen studies reported death associated with synthetic cannabinoid use, with AB-CHMINACA and MDMB-CHMICA being the main reported SCs. Tachycardia and seizures were the most common toxicity symptoms. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms was higher in third-generation SCs. (4) Conclusion: SCs may exhibit higher toxicity than THC and longer-lasting effects. Their use may be harmful, especially in people with epilepsy and schizophrenia, because of the increased risk of the precipitation of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Compared to other drugs, SCs have a higher potential to trigger a convulsive crisis, a decline in consciousness, and hemodynamic changes. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify their potential harms and increase the availability of toxicology data in both clinical and research settings.
Palavras-chave
synthetic cannabinoid, Spice, K2, JWH, AM, RCS, HU, AB-PINACA, APICA, MAM, CHMICA, UR, XLR, AKB, AB-FUBINACA, ADB, EAM, WIN, PB, MDMB
URI
https://observatorio.fm.usp.br/handle/OPI/54709
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Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - FM/MLS
Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - HC/IPer
Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - HC/IPq
Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - LIM/23
Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - LIM/40