Is Bridge Plating of Comminuted Humeral Shaft Fractures Advantageous When Using Compression Plates with Three versus Two Screws per Fragment? A Biomechanical Cadaveric Study

Abstract

Background. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) is one of the generally accepted surgical techniques for the treatment of humeral shaft fractures. However, despite the high bone union rate, a variety of complications are still prevailing. Moreover, the current literature lacks data comparing the anterolateral MIPO approach using dynamic compression plates accommodating different numbers of screws. The aim of this study was to analyze the biomechanical performance of comminuted humeral shaft fractures fixed with dynamic compression plates using either two or three screws per fragment. Methods. Six pairs of fresh-frozen human cadaveric humeri from donors aged 66.8 +/- 5.2 years were randomized to two paired study groups for simulation of bridge-plated comminuted shaft fracture type AO/OTA 12-C1/2/3 without interfragmentary bony support, using a dynamic compression plate positioned on the anterolateral surface and fixed with two (group 1) or three (group 2) screws per fragment. All specimens underwent nondestructive quasistatic biomechanical testing under lateral bending, anterior bending, axial bending, and torsion in internal rotation, followed by progressively increasing cyclic torsional loading in internal rotation until failure. Results. Initial stiffness of the plated specimens in lateral bending, anterior bending, axial bending, and torsion was not significantly different between the groups (P >= 0.22). However, cycles to 10 degrees, 15 degrees, and 20 degrees torsional deformation and cycles to construct failure were significantly higher in group 2 compared with group 1 (P <= 0.03). Conclusions. From a biomechanical perspective, no significant superiority is identified in terms of primary stability when using two or three screws per fragment for bridge compression plating of comminuted humeral shaft fractures. However, three-screw configurations provide better secondary stability and maintain it with a higher resistance towards loss of reduction under dynamic loading. Therefore, the use of a third screw may be justified when such better secondary stability is required.