Sistema FMUSP-HC: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP) e Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSPBANDEIR, Igor D.LINS-SILVA, Daniel H.BAROUH, Judah L.FARIA-GUIMARAES, DanielaDOREA-BANDEIRA, IngridSOUZA, Lucca S.ALVES, Gustavo S.BRUNONI, Andr E. R.NITSCHE, MichaelFREGNI, FelipeLUCENA, Rita2022-04-192022-04-192021NON-INVASIVE BRAIN STIMULATION (NIBS) IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, v.264, p.57-89, 2021978-0-12-822344-40079-6123https://observatorio.fm.usp.br/handle/OPI/45865The brain is a dynamic organ whose growth and organization varies according to each subject's life experiences. Through adaptations in gene expression and the release of neurotrophins and neurotransmitters, these experiences induce a process of cellular realignment and neural network reorganization, which consolidate what is called neuroplasticity. However, despite the brain's resilience and dynamism, neuroplasticity is maximized during the first years of life, when the developing brain is more sensitive to structural reorganization and the repair of damaged neurons. This review presents an overview of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques that have increasingly been a focus for experimental research and the development of therapeutic methods involving neuroplasticity, especially Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Due to its safety risk profile and extensive tolerability, several trials have demonstrated the benefits of NIBS as a feasible experimental alternative for the treatment of brain and mind disorders in children and adolescents. However, little is known about the late impact of neuroplasticity-inducing tools on the developing brain, and there are concerns about aberrant plasticity. There are also ethical considerations when performing interventions in the pediatric population. This article will therefore review these aspects and also obstacles related to the premature application of NIBS, given the limited evidence available concerning the extent to which these methods interfere with the developing brain.engrestrictedAccessNeuroplasticityNIBSChildrenAdolescentsTranscranial direct current stimulationTranscranial magnetic stimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulationdeficit hyperactivity disordertrigeminal nerve-stimulationmajor depressive disorderattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderhuman motor cortexcortical excitabilityperinatal strokefunctional connectivitysuicidal ideationarticleCopyright ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.04.003Neurosciences