Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016

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art_BIKSON_Safety_of_Transcranial_Direct_Current_Stimulation_Evidence_Based_2016.PDF (4.19 MB)
Citações na Scopus
936
Tipo de produção
article
Data de publicação
2016
Editora
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI
Indexadores
Scopus
Web of Science
PubMed
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título do Volume
Autores
BIKSON, Marom
GROSSMAN, Pnina
THOMAS, Chris
ZANNOU, Adantchede Louis
JIANG, Jimmy
ADNAN, Tatheer
MOURDOUKOUTAS, Antonios P.
KRONBERG, Greg
TRUONG, Dennis
BOGGIO, Paulo
Autor de Grupo de pesquisa
Editores
Coordenadores
Organizadores
Citação
BRAIN STIMULATION, v.9, n.5, p.641-661, 2016
Projetos de Pesquisa
Unidades Organizacionais
Fascículo
Resumo
This review updates and consolidates evidence on the safety of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Safety is here operationally defined by, and limited to, the absence of evidence for a Serious Adverse Effect, the criteria for which are rigorously defined. This review adopts an evidence-based approach, based on an aggregation of experience from human trials, taking care not to confuse speculation on potential hazards or lack of data to refute such speculation with evidence for risk. Safety data from animal tests for tissue damage are reviewed with systematic consideration of translation to humans. Arbitrary safety considerations are avoided. Computational models are used to relate dose to brain exposure in humans and animals. We review relevant dose-response curves and dose metrics (e.g. current, duration, current density, charge, charge density) for meaningful safety standards. Special consideration is given to theoretically vulnerable populations including children and the elderly, subjects with mood disorders, epilepsy, stroke, implants, and home users. Evidence from relevant animal models indicates that brain injury by Direct Current Stimulation (DCS) occurs at predicted brain current densities (6.3-13 A/m(2)) that are over an order of magnitude above those produced by conventional tDCS. To date, the use of conventional tDCS protocols in human trials (<= 40 min, <= 4 milliamperes, <= 7.2 Coulombs) has not produced any reports of a Serious Adverse Effect or irreversible injury across over 33,200 sessions and 1000 subjects with repeated sessions. This includes a wide variety of subjects, including persons from potentially vulnerable populations.
Palavras-chave
Safety, tDCS, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Electrical stimulation, tDCS safety, Mood disorders
URI
https://observatorio.fm.usp.br/handle/OPI/16480
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Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - HC/IPq
Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - LIM/27
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