Determination of cocaine, metabolites and a crack cocaine biomarker in whole blood by liquid-liquid extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS

Carregando...
Imagem de Miniatura
Citações na Scopus
16
Tipo de produção
article
Data de publicação
2018
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título do Volume
Editora
ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
Autores
GJERDE, Hallvard
VINDENES, Vigdis
BERG, Thomas
Citação
FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, v.289, p.165-174, 2018
Projetos de Pesquisa
Unidades Organizacionais
Fascículo
Resumo
Cocaine is a potent stimulant drug widely abused that exists in two forms: as a hydrochloride salt and as a free base (crack). Cocaine and the inactive metabolite benzoylecgonine can be determined to reveal any kind of cocaine use, whereas the pyrolysis product anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME) can be determined to reveal crack smoking. There are many bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods used for the determination of cocaine, metabolites and AEME. In these methods, chromatographic separation is usually performed by HPLC and sample preparation by solid phase extraction. For the first time, an UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene and AEME in blood using a sample preparation by liquid-liquid extraction was developed and validated. Extraction recoveries were approximately 80%, 40%, 80% and 80%, respectively, obtained by using a mixture of MTBE/2-propanol (70: 30, v: v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a core shell biphenyl UHPLC column (100 x 2.1 mm ID, 1.7 mm particles). Method validation showed that the method is precise, accurate, robust and sensitive for its purposes. Limit of quantification (LOQ) concentrations were 0.7-1.5 ng/mL. The method was used to determine cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene and AEME in 22 blood samples collected from victims of sudden, unexpected or violent death in Sao Paulo (Brazil). Concentrations >= LOQ were observed in 19, 21, 10 and 10 of these samples, respectively.
Palavras-chave
Referências
  1. Abrahim A, 2010, J PHARMACEUT BIOMED, V51, P131, DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.08.023
  2. Armbruster D.A., 2008, CLIN BIOCHEM REV, V29, pS49
  3. ARMBRUSTER DA, 1994, CLIN CHEM, V40, P1233
  4. Barroso M, 2009, BIOANALYSIS, V1, P977, DOI 10.4155/BIO.09.72
  5. Barroso M, 2015, BIOANALYSIS, V7, P1497, DOI 10.4155/bio.15.72
  6. BASELT RC, 1983, J CHROMATOGR, V268, P502, DOI 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)95449-4
  7. Benbrahim-Tallaa L, 2014, LANCET ONCOL, V15, P924, DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70316-X
  8. Berg T, 2014, J CHROMATOGR A, V1344, P83, DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.020
  9. Berg T, 2011, J CHROMATOGR A, V1218, P9366, DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.081
  10. Butler AJ, 2017, DRUG ALCOHOL DEPEN, V180, P401, DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.036
  11. Bylda C, 2014, ANALYST, V139, P2265, DOI 10.1039/c4an00094c
  12. Bystrowska B, 2012, PHARMACOL REP, V64, P1337, DOI 10.1016/S1734-1140(12)70931-3
  13. Cardona PS, 2006, FORENSIC SCI INT, V157, P46, DOI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.001
  14. CONE EJ, 1995, J ANAL TOXICOL, V19, P459, DOI 10.1093/jat/19.6.459
  15. CONE EJ, 1994, CLIN CHEM, V40, P1299
  16. Cornish JW, 1996, ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH, V17, P259
  17. Crime U. N. O. o. D. a., 2011, CRIM UN OFF DRUGS CR
  18. D'Avila FB, 2016, J CHROMATOGR B, V1012, P113, DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.019
  19. D'Avila FB, 2015, J PHARMACEUT BIOMED, V103, P67, DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.026
  20. Dams R, 2003, RAPID COMMUN MASS SP, V17, P1665, DOI 10.1002/rcm.1098
  21. Dulaurent S, 2016, ANAL BIOANAL CHEM, V408, P1467, DOI 10.1007/s00216-015-9248-3
  22. Fandino AS, 2002, J ANAL TOXICOL, V26, P567, DOI 10.1093/jat/26.8.567
  23. Fandino AS, 2002, J MASS SPECTROM, V37, P525, DOI 10.1002/jms.310
  24. Fekete S, 2012, J CHROMATOGR A, V1228, P57, DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.050
  25. Fekete S, 2011, J PHARMACEUT BIOMED, V54, P482, DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.021
  26. Fiorentin TR, 2018, J ANAL TOXICOL, V42, P69, DOI 10.1093/jat/bkx085
  27. Fiorentin TR, 2017, J PHARMACOL TOX MET, V86, P60, DOI 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.04.003
  28. Gergov M, 2003, J CHROMATOGR B, V795, P41, DOI 10.1016/S1570-0232(03)00498-7
  29. GIORGI SN, 1995, J ANAL TOXICOL, V19, P392, DOI 10.1093/jat/19.6.392
  30. Gritti F, 2012, J CHROMATOGR A, V1228, P2, DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.014
  31. Gritti F, 2010, J CHROMATOGR A, V1217, P1604, DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.008
  32. Gritti F, 2010, J CHROMATOGR A, V1217, P1589, DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.079
  33. Guha N, 2012, LANCET ONCOL, V13, P1192, DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70485-0
  34. Hatsukami DK, 1996, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V276, P1580
  35. HEARN WL, 1991, J NEUROCHEM, V56, P698, DOI 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08205.x
  36. Hezinova V, 2012, ELECTROPHORESIS, V33, P653, DOI 10.1002/elps.201100410
  37. Imbert L, 2014, FORENSIC SCI INT, V234, P132, DOI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.11.004
  38. Ismaiel OA, 2010, J CHROMATOGR B, V878, P3303, DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.10.012
  39. JATLOW PI, 1987, CLIN CHEM, V33, pB66
  40. Jemal M, 2010, BIOMED CHROMATOGR, V24, P2, DOI 10.1002/bmc.1373
  41. Jenkins AJ, 1997, J FORENSIC SCI, V42, P824
  42. Jones R T, 1990, NIDA Res Monogr, V99, P30
  43. Kintz P, 1997, HUM EXP TOXICOL, V16, P123, DOI 10.1177/096032719701600208
  44. Kolbrich EA, 2006, J ANAL TOXICOL, V30, P501, DOI 10.1093/jat/30.8.501
  45. Kole PL, 2011, BIOMED CHROMATOGR, V25, P199, DOI 10.1002/bmc.1560
  46. Kraemer T, 2007, ANAL BIOANAL CHEM, V388, P1415, DOI 10.1007/s00216-007-1271-6
  47. Langman LJ, 2009, J ANAL TOXICOL, V33, P447, DOI 10.1093/jat/33.8.447
  48. Matuszewski BK, 2003, ANAL CHEM, V75, P3019, DOI 10.1021/ac020361s
  49. Novakova L, 2013, J CHROMATOGR A, V1292, P25, DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.087
  50. Oiestad EL, 2007, CLIN CHEM, V53, P300, DOI 10.1373/clinchem.2006.074237
  51. Oiestad EL, 2011, J ANAL TOXICOL, V35, P280, DOI 10.1093/anatox/35.5.280
  52. Paul BD, 2005, BIOMED CHROMATOGR, V19, P677, DOI 10.1002/bmc.495
  53. Pego AMF, 2017, FORENSIC SCI INT, V274, P83, DOI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.024
  54. Rees KA, 2012, FORENSIC SCI INT, V217, P182, DOI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.001
  55. Strano-Rossi S, 2008, ANAL CHIM ACTA, V606, P217, DOI 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.053
  56. Garcia RCT, 2012, TOXICOL SCI, V128, P223, DOI 10.1093/toxsci/kfs140
  57. Thibert V, 2014, J CHROMATOGR B, V949, P16, DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.051
  58. Valente MJ, 2010, J CHROMATOGR B, V878, P3083, DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.09.010
  59. Vanstechelman S, 2012, J ANAL TOXICOL, V36, P136, DOI 10.1093/jat/bkr016
  60. Wang S, 2007, J PHARMACEUT BIOMED, V43, P701, DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.08.010
  61. WARNER EA, 1993, ANN INTERN MED, V119, P226, DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00009
  62. Wieling J, 2002, CHROMATOGRAPHIA, V55, pS107, DOI 10.1007/BF02493365
  63. Zancanaro I, 2012, FORENSIC SCI INT, V223, P208, DOI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.048