Referências

1. Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Ward, E., Hao, Y., Xu, J., Thum, M.J., Cancer statistics, 2009 (2009) CA Cancer J Clin, 59, pp. 225-249
2. Swindle, P., Eastham, J.A., Ohori, M., Do margins matter? The prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens (2005) J Urol, 174, pp. 903-907
3. Wieder, J.A., Soloway, M.S., Incidence, etiology, location, prevention and treatment of positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (1998) J Urol, 160, pp. 299-315
4. Godoy, G., Tareen, B.U., Lepor, H., Site of positive surgical margins influences biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (2009) BJU Int, 104, pp. 1610-1614
5. Eastham, J.A., Kuriowa, K., Ohori, M., Prognostic significance of location of positive margins in radical prostatectomy specimens (2007) Urology, 70, pp. 965-969
6. Han, M., Partin, A.W., Chan, D.Y., Walsh, P.C., An evaluation of decreasing incidence of positive surgical margins in a large retropubic prostatectomy series (2004) J Urol, 171, pp. 23-26
7. Eastham, J.A., Kattan, M.W., Riedel, E., Variations among individual surgeons in the rate of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens (2003) J Urol, 170, pp. 2292-2295
8. Nielsen, M.E., How bad are positive margins after radical prostatectomy and how are they best managed? (2009) J Urol, 182, pp. 1257-1258
9. Stephenson, A.J., Wood, D.P., Kattan, M.W., Location, extent and number of positive surgical margins do not improve accuracy of predicting prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy (2009) J Urol, 182, pp. 1357-1363
10. Badani, K.K., Kaul, S., Menon, M., Evolution of robotic radical prostatectomy: Assessment after 2766 procedures (2007) Cancer, 110, pp. 1951-1958
11. Epstein, J.I., Sauvageot, J., Does close but negative margins in radical prostatectomy specimens increase the risk of postoperative progression (1997) J Urol, 157, pp. 241-243
12. Bolla, M., Collette, L., Blank, L., Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (An EORTC study): A phase III randomized trial (2002) Lancet, 360, pp. 103-106
13. Yossepowitch, O., Bjartell, A., Eastham, J.A., Positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy: Outlining the problem and its long-term consequences (2009) Eur Urol, 55, pp. 87-99
14. Thurairaja, R., Osborn, J., Mc Farlane, J., Bahl, A., Persad, R., Radical prostatectomy with positive margins: How are patients managed (2006) BJU Int, 97, pp. 445-450
15. Zietman, A.L., Coen, J.J., Shipley, W.U., Althausen, A.F., Adjuvant irradiation after radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of prostate: Analysis of freedom from PSA failure (1993) Urology, 42, pp. 292-298
16. Shikanov, S., Song, J., Royce, C., Length of positive surgical margin after radical prostatectomy as a predictor of biochemical recurrence (2009) J Urol, 182, pp. 139-144
17. Kwak, K.W., Lee, H.M., Choi, H.Y., Impact of capsular incision on biochemical recurrence after radical perineal prostatectomy (2009) Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 12, pp. 1-9
18. Yee, D.S., Narula, N., Amin, M.B., Skarecky, D.W., Ahlering, T.E., Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: Current evaluation of surgical margins in clinically low-, intermediate-, and high-risk prostate cancer (2009) J Endourol, 23, pp. 1461-1465
19. Salomon, L., Anastasiadis, A.G., Levrel, O., Location of positive margins after retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for organ-confined prostate cancer (2003) Urology, 61, pp. 386-390
20. Palisaar, R.J., Nadus, J., Graefen, M., Erbersdobler, A., Haese, H., Huland, H., Influence of nerve-sparing (NS) procedure during radical prostatectomy (RP) on margin status and biochemical failure (2005) Eur Urol, 47, pp. 176-184
21. Ward, J.F., Zincke, H., Bergstralh, E.J., Slezak, J.M., Myers, R.P., Blute, M.L., The impact of surgical approach (Nerve bundle preservation versus wide local excision) on surgical margins and biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy (2004) J Urol, 172, pp. 1328-1332
22. Ohori, M., Wheeler, T.M., Kattan, M.W., Goto, Y., Scardino, P.T., Prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens (1995) J Urol, 154, pp. 1818-1824
23. Barrocas, D.A., Han, M., Epstein, J.I., Does capsular incision at retropubic radical prostatectomy affect disease-free survival in otherwise organ-confined prostate cancer? (2001) Urology, 58, pp. 746-751
24. Myers, R.P., Goellner, J.R., Cahill, D.R., Prostate shape, external striated urethral sphincter and radical prostatectomy: The apical dissection (1987) J Urol, 138, pp. 543-550
25. Srougi, M., Nesrallah, L.J., Kauffmann, J.R., Nesrallah, A., Leite, K.R.M., Urinary continence and pathological outcome after bladder neck preservation during radical retropubic prostatectomy: A randomized prospective trial (2001) J Urol, 165, pp. 815-818
26. Hall, G.S., Kramer, C.E., Epstein, J.I., Evaluation of radical prostatectomy specimens. A comparative analysis of sampling methods (1992) Am J Surg Pathol, 16, pp. 315-324
27. Tsuboi, T., Ohori, M., Kuroiwa, K., Is intraoperative frozen section analysis an efficient way to reduce positive surgical margins? (2005) Urology, 66, p. 1287
28. Eggener, S.E., Roehl, K.A., Smith, N.D., Antenor, J.A., Han, M., Catalona, W.J., Contemporary survival results and the role of radiation therapy in patients with negative seminal vesicle invasion following radical prostatectomy (2005) J Urol, 173, pp. 1150-1155
29. Watson, R.B., Civantos, F., Soloway, M.S., Positive surgical margins with radical prostatectomy: Detailed pathological analysis and prognosis (1996) Urology, 40, pp. 80-90
30. Hernandez, D.J., Epstein, J.I., Trock, B.J., Tsuzuki, T., Carter, H.B., Walsh, P.C., Radical retropubic prostatectomy. How often do experienced surgeons have positive margins when there is extraprostatic extension in the region of the neurovascular bundle? (2005) J Urol, 173, pp. 446-449
31. Vis, A.N., Schroeder, F.H., Van Der Kwast, T.H., The actual value of the surgical margins status as a predictor of disease progression in men with early prostate cancer (2006) Eur Urol, 50, pp. 258-265
32. Touijer, K., Kuroiwa, K., Eastham, J.A., Risk-adjusted analysis of positive surgical margins following laparoscopic and retropubic radical prostatectomy (2007) Eur Urol, 52, pp. 1090-1096
33. Boccon-Gibod, L., Rovery, V., Vordos, D., Toublanc, M., Delmas, V., Boccon-Gibod, L., Radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: The perineal approach increases the risk of surgically induced positive margins and capsular incisions (1998) J Urol, 160, pp. 1383-1385
34. Brown, J.A., Garlitz, C., Gomella, L.G., Pathologic comparison of laparoscopic versus open radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens (2003) Urology, 62, pp. 482-486
35. Salomon, L., Anastasiadis, A.G., Levrel, O., Outcome and complications of radical prostatectomy in patients with PSA < 10 ng/ml: Comparison between the retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic approach (2002) Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 5, pp. 285-290
36. Sofer, M., Hamilton-Nelson, K.L., Schlesselman, J., Soloway, M.S., Risk of positive margins and biochemical recurrence in relation to nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (2002) J Clin Oncol, 20, pp. 1853-1858
37. Rees, M.A., Resnick, M.I., Oesterling, J.E., Use of prostatespecific antigen, Gleason score, and digital rectal examination in staging patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer (1997) Urol Clin North Am, 24, pp. 379-386
38. Rifkin, M.D., Zerhouni, E.A., Gatsonis, C.A., Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in staging early prostate cancer. Results of a multi-institucional cooperative trial (1990) N Engl J Med, 323, pp. 621-626
39. Augustin, H., Fritz, G.A., Fhammer, T., Auprich, M., Pummer, K., Accuracy of 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging for staging of prostate cancer in comparison to the Partin tables (2009) Acta Radiol, 50, pp. 562-569
40. Brown, J.A., Rodin, D.M., Harisinghani, M., Dahl, D.M., Impact of preoperative endorectal MRI stage classification on neurovascular bundle sparing aggressiveness and the radical prostatectomy positive margin rate (2009) Urol Oncol, 27, pp. 174-179
41. Zhang, J., Hricak, H., Shukla Dave, A., Ishill, N.M., Reuter, V.E., Eastham, J.A., Clinical stage T1a prostate cancer: Evaluation with endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging (2009) Radiology, 253, pp. 425-434
42. Makarov, D.V., Trock, B.J., Humphreys, E.B., Updated nomogram to predict pathologic stage of prostate cancer given prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score (Partin tables) based on cases 2000 to 2005 (2007) Urology, 69, pp. 1095-1101
43. Bhojani, N., Salomon, L., Capitanco, U., External validation of the updated Partin tables in a cohort of French and Italian men (2009) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 73, pp. 347-352
44. Alkhateeb, S., Alibhai, S., Fleshner, N., Impact of positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy differs by disease risk group (2010) J Urol, 183, pp. 145-150
45. Obek, C., Sadek, S., Lai, S., Civantos, F., Rubinowics, D., Soloway, M., Positive surgical margins with radical retropubic prostatectomy: Anatomic site-specific pathologic analysis and impact on prognosis (1999) Urology, 54, pp. 682-688
46. Blute, M.L., Bostwick, D.G., Bergstralh, E.J., Anatomic site-specific positive margins in organconfined prostate cancer and its impact on outcome after radical prostatectomy (1997) Urology, 50, pp. 733-739
47. Grossfeld, G.D., Chang, J.J., Broering, J.M., Impact of positive margins of prostate cancer recurrence and use of secondary cancer treatment: Data from CAPSURE database (2000) J Urol, 163, pp. 1171-1177
48. D’Amico, A.V., Whittington, R., Malkowicz, S.B., A multivariate analysis of clinical and pathological factors that predict for prostate specific antigen failure after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (1995) J Urol, 154, pp. 131-138
49. Pfitzenmaier, J., Pahernick, S., Tremmel, T., Haferkamp, A., Buse, S., Hohenfellnwer, M., Positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy: Do they have an impact on biochemical or clinical progression? (2008) BJU Int, 102, pp. 1413-1418
50. Hricak, H., Wang, L., Wei, D.C., The role of preoperative endorected magnetic resonance imaging in the decision regarding whether to preserve or resect neurovascular bundles during radical retropubic prostatectomy (2004) Cancer, 100, pp. 2655-2663
51. Ohori, M., Abbas, F., Wheeler, T.M., Kattan, M.W., Scardino, P.T., Lerner, S.P., Pathological features and prognostic significance of prostate cancer in the apical section determined by whole mount histology (1999) J Urol, 162, pp. 1391-1392
52. Connolly, S.S., O’Toole, G.C., O’Malley, K.J., Positive apical margins after radical retropubic prostatectomy, truth or artifacts (2004) Scand J Urol Nephrol, 38, pp. 26-31
53. Epstein, J.I., Pizov, G., Walsh, P.C., Correlation of pathologic findings with progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy (1993) Cancer, 71, pp. 3582-3593
54. Sofer, M., Hamilton-Nelson, K.L., Civantos, F., Soloway, M.S., Positive surgical margins after radical retropubic prostatectomy: The influence of site and number on progression (2002) J Urol, 167, pp. 2453-2456
55. Rabbani, F., Vora, K.C., Yunis, L.H., Biochemical recurrence rates in patients with positive surgical margin at radical prostatectomy with further negative resected tissue (2009) BJU Int, 104, pp. 605-610
56. Graefen, M., Noldus, J., Pichlmeier, U., Early prostate specific antigen relapse after radical prostatectomy: Prediction on the basis of preoperative and postoperative tumor characterístics (1999) Eur Urol, 36, pp. 21-30
57. Karakiewicz, P.I., Eastham, J.A., Graefen, M., Prognostic impact of positive surgical margins in surgically treated prostate cancer: Multi-institutional assessment of 5831 patients (2005) Urology, 66, pp. 1245-1250
58. Simon, M.A., Kim, S., Soloway, M., Prostate specific antigen recurrence rates are low after radical retropubic prostatectomy and positive margins (2006) J Urol, 175, pp. 140-144
59. Kausik, S.J., Blute, M.L., Sebo, T.J., Prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in patients with extraprostatic carcinoma after radical prostatectomy (2002) Cancer, 95, pp. 1215-1219
60. Mac Donald, O.K., Schild, S.E., Vora, S.A., Radiotherapy for men with isolated increase in serum prostate specific antigen after radical prostatecomy (2003) J Urol, 170, pp. 1833-1837
61. Freedland, S., Humphreys, E.B., Mangold, L.A., Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (2005) JAMA, 294, pp. 433-439
62. Stephenson, A.J., Scardino, P.T., Kattan, M.W., Predicting the outcome of salvage radiation therapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (2007) J Clin Oncol, 25, pp. 2035-2041
63. Stephenson, A.J., Shariat, S.F., Zelefsky, M.J., Salvage radiotherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (2004) JAMA, 291, pp. 1325-1332
64. Loeb, S., Roehl, K.A., Viprakasit, D.P., Catalona, W.J., Longterm rates of undetectable PSA with initial observation and delayed salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy (2008) Eur Urol, 54, pp. 88-96
65. Swanson, G.P., Hussey, M.A., Tangen, C.M., Predominant treatment failure in postprostatectomy patients is local: Analysis of patterns of treatment failure in SWOG 8794 (2007) J Clin Oncol, 25, pp. 2225-2229
66. Leventis, A.K., Shahrokh, F.S., Kattan, M.W., Butler, E.B., Wheeler, T.M., Slawin, K.M., Prediction of response to salvage radiation therapy in patients with prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy (2001) J Clin Oncol, 19, pp. 1030-1039
67. Pasquier, D., Ballerean, C., Adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: A literature review (2008) Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 72, pp. 972-979
68. Trock, B.J., Han, M., Freedland, S.J., Prostate cancer specific survival following salvage radiotherapy vs. Observation in men with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (2008) JAMA, 299, pp. 2760-2769
69. Takayma, T.K., Lange, P.H., Radiotherapy for local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (1994) Urol Clin North Am, 21, pp. 687-700
70. Coetzee, L.J., Hars, V., Paulson, D.F., Postoperative prostate-specific androgen as a prognostic indicator in patients with margin-positive prostate cancer undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy (1996) Urology, 47, pp. 232-235
71. Wilt, T.J., Mac Donald, R., Rutks, I., Shamilyan, T.A., Taylor, B.C., Kane, R.L., Systematic review: Comparative effectiveness and harms of treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer (2008) Ann Intern Med, 148, pp. 435-448
72. Graham, S.M., Holzbeierlein, J.M., Adjuvant radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy: When is it indicated? (2009) Curr Urol Rep, 10, pp. 194-198
73. Bolla, M., Von Poppel, H., Collete, L., Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: A randomized controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911) (2005) Lancet, 366, pp. 572-578
74. Thompson, I.M., Jr., Tangen, C.M., Paradelo, J., Adjuvent radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: A randomized clinical trial (2006) Jama, 296 (19), pp. 2329-2335. , Nov 15
75. Wiegel, T., Battker, D., Steiner, U., Phase III postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy compared with radical prostatectomy alone in pT3 prostate cancer with postoperative undetectable prostate-specific antigen: ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95 (2009) J Clin Oncol, 27, pp. 2928-2930
76. Morgan, S.C., Waldron, T.S., Eapen, L., Mayhew, E.W., Lukka, U., Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy for pathological T3 or margin-positive prostate cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis (2008) Radiother Oncol, 88, pp. 1-9
77. Zincke, H., Utz, D.C., Taylor, W.F., Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy for clinical stage C prostatic cancer: Role of adjuvant treatment for residual cancer and in disease progression (1986) J Urol, 135, pp. 1199-1205
78. Messing, E.M., Manola, J., Yao, J., Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (2006) Lancet Oncol, 7, pp. 472-479