Renal thrombotic microangiopathy associated to worse renal prognosis in Lupus Nephritis

Abstract

Introduction Renal thrombotic microangiopathy (rTMA) is one of many vascular findings in Lupus Nephritis (LN). However, the influence of rTMA on prognosis has not been well established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological aspects of patients with lupus and rTMA in kidney biopsy. Methods Analysis of medical reports and kidney biopsy of 253 patients with LN, between January 2012 and December 2018. Results Among our 253 patients, 43 (17%) showed acute or chronic TMA lesions on kidney histology This group had a significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at the time of biopsy (24.1 vs. 64.15 ml/min/1.73m2, p < 0.001), at 1 year of follow up (28.1 vs. 90.7 ml/min/1.73m2, p < 0.001), and at the end of follow up (25.4 vs. 81.55 ml/min/1.73m2, p < 0.001). More patients in the rTMA group reached the composite endpoint of eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73m2 or death or dialysis (82.9% vs. 32.9%, p < 0.001). When comparing the classical clinical TMA features, the rTMA group had higher percentages of anemia, thrombocytopenia, low haptoglobin levels, but not higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (> 214 U/L). Combining these variables in a definition of clinical TMA, the rTMA group had a statistically higher percentage of clinical TMA (20.9% vs. 4.33%, p = 0.001). As expected, TMA group showed higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (130 vs 129.5 mmHg, p = 0.01). Concerning histopathological features, rTMA group had significantly higher activity (9.0 vs. 6.0, p = 0.001) and chronicity (4.0 vs. 3.0, p = 0.001) scores, also a higher percentage of patients presented with crescents (76.7% vs. 57.1%, p = 0.012). Conclusions The classical clinical TMA criteria were unable to predict the presence of tissue TMA, suggesting a probably renal-limited TMA that may occur independently of systemic evident factors. Therefore, renal biopsy remains the critical method for diagnosing an important prognostic feature.