Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic management

Carregando...
Imagem de Miniatura
Citações na Scopus
3
Tipo de produção
article
Data de publicação
2023
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título do Volume
Editora
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
Citação
FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY, v.13, article ID 1141108, 18p, 2023
Projetos de Pesquisa
Unidades Organizacionais
Fascículo
Resumo
Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) are cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. MF is the most common cutaneous lymphoma, and it is classified into classic Alibert-Bazin MF, folliculotropic MF, pagetoid reticulosis, and granulomatous slack skin, each with characteristic clinical presentation, histopathological findings, and distinct clinical behaviors. SS is an aggressive leukemic variant of cutaneous lymphoma, and it is characterized by erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, and peripheral blood involvement by malignant cells. There is a wide range of dermatological manifestations of MF/SS, and prompt recognition is essential for early diagnosis. Skin biopsy for histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis is imperative to confirm the diagnosis of MF/SS. Histopathology may also provide information that may influence prognosis and treatment. Staging follows the TNMB system. Besides advanced stage, other factors associated with poorer prognosis are advanced age, male gender, folliculotropism in histopathology of patients with infiltrated plaques and tumors in the head and neck region, large cell transformation, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase. Treatment is divided into skin-directed therapies (topical treatments, phototherapy, radiotherapy), and systemic therapies (biological response modifiers, targeted therapies, chemotherapy). Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and extracorporeal photopheresis are other treatment modalities used in selected cases. This review discusses the main clinical characteristics, the histopathological/immunohistochemical findings, the staging system, and the therapeutic management of MF/SS.
Palavras-chave
mycosis fundgoides, Sezary syndrome, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, histopathology, prognosis, treatment
Referências
  1. Abbott RA, 2011, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V65, P313, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.05.041
  2. Abeni D, 2005, BRIT J DERMATOL, V153, P324, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06755.x
  3. Abrams JT, 2001, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V941, P69
  4. Agar NS, 2010, J CLIN ONCOL, V28, P4730, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.7665
  5. Ahn CS, 2014, AM J DERMATOPATH, V36, P933, DOI 10.1097/DAD.0000000000000207
  6. Alaggio R, 2022, LEUKEMIA, V36, P1720, DOI 10.1038/s41375-022-01620-2
  7. Alberti-Violetti Silvia, 2015, Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk, V15, pe105, DOI 10.1016/j.clml.2015.02.027
  8. Allen PB, 2022, JAMA DERMATOL, V158, P1293, DOI 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.3601
  9. Arulogun SO, 2008, BLOOD, V112, P3082, DOI 10.1182/blood-2008-05-154609
  10. Benner MF, 2012, BLOOD, V119, P1643, DOI 10.1182/blood-2011-08-376319
  11. Beylot-Barry M, 2005, BRIT J DERMATOL, V152, P1378, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06621.x
  12. Hurabielle C, 2016, J INVEST DERMATOL, V136, P317, DOI 10.1038/JID.2015.360
  13. Iqbal M, 2020, BIOL BLOOD MARROW TR, V26, P76, DOI 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.08.019
  14. Jahan-Tigh RR, 2013, CANCER-AM CANCER SOC, V119, P825, DOI 10.1002/cncr.27740
  15. Jawed SI, 2014, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V70, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.049
  16. Jones CL, 2021, SCI REP-UK, V11, DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-83352-4
  17. Kaito S, 2018, INT J HEMATOL, V107, P451, DOI 10.1007/s12185-017-2362-6
  18. Kamijo H, 2019, J DERMATOL, V46, P1136, DOI 10.1111/1346-8138.15114
  19. Kash N, 2016, AM J DERMATOPATH, V38, P541, DOI 10.1097/DAD.0000000000000493
  20. Kashani-Sabet M, 2001, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V45, P700, DOI 10.1067/mjd.2001.117722
  21. Kempf W, 2008, ARCH DERMATOL, V144, P1609, DOI 10.1001/archdermatol.2008.46
  22. Quaglino P, 2017, ANN ONCOL, V28, P2517, DOI 10.1093/annonc/mdx352
  23. Kim EJ, 2005, J CLIN INVEST, V115, P798, DOI 10.1172/JCI200524826
  24. Kim YH, 2003, ARCH DERMATOL, V139, P857, DOI 10.1001/archderm.139.7.857
  25. Kim YH, 1999, SEMIN ONCOL, V26, P276
  26. Knobler R, 2014, J EUR ACAD DERMATOL, V28, P1, DOI 10.1111/jdv.12311
  27. Kubica AW, 2012, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V67, P1189, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.04.043
  28. Larocca C, 2019, HEMATOL ONCOL CLIN N, V33, P103, DOI 10.1016/j.hoc.2018.09.001
  29. Lebowitz E, 2019, J EUR ACAD DERMATOL, V33, P108, DOI 10.1111/jdv.15236
  30. Li J, 2012, DERMATOLOGY, V225, P154, DOI 10.1159/000342365
  31. Lim HLJ, 2019, J EUR ACAD DERMATOL, V33, P1513, DOI 10.1111/jdv.15526
  32. Litvinov IV, 2016, ONCOIMMUNOLOGY, V5, DOI 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1175799
  33. Quaglino P, 2012, CANCER-AM CANCER SOC, V118, P5830, DOI 10.1002/cncr.27627
  34. Litvinov IV, 2015, CANCER-AM CANCER SOC, V121, P1993, DOI 10.1002/cncr.29301
  35. Livesey A, 2020, CLIN EXP DERMATOL, V45, P539, DOI 10.1111/ced.14134
  36. Manfrere KCG, 2017, ONCOTARGET, V8, P92183, DOI 10.18632/oncotarget.21006
  37. Martinez-Escala M Estela, 2014, Surg Pathol Clin, V7, P169, DOI 10.1016/j.path.2014.02.003
  38. Mirvish JJ, 2013, CLIN DERMATOL, V31, P423, DOI 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.009
  39. Mitteldorf C, 2018, J DTSCH DERMATOL GES, V16, P543, DOI [10.1111/ddg.13514, 10.1111/ddg.13514_g]
  40. Miyashiro D, 2022, INT J DERMATOL, V61, P442, DOI 10.1111/ijd.15865
  41. Miyashiro D, 2020, SCI REP-UK, V10, DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-66040-7
  42. Molloy K, 2020, BRIT J DERMATOL, V182, P770, DOI 10.1111/bjd.18089
  43. Moreau Jacqueline F, 2014, Dermatol Online J, V20
  44. Raghavan SS, 2019, J CUTAN PATHOL, V46, P33, DOI 10.1111/cup.13375
  45. Morris L, 2020, AM J CLIN DERMATOL, V21, P383, DOI 10.1007/s40257-020-00501-7
  46. Mourad A, 2020, J INVEST DERMATOL, V140, P495, DOI 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.712
  47. Muniesa C, 2010, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V62, P418, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.03.014
  48. Newton R, 1997, INT J CANCER, V72, P923, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970917)72:6<923::AID-IJC1>3.0.CO;2-R
  49. Nielsen PR, 2019, ACTA DERM-VENEREOL, V99, P1231, DOI 10.2340/00015555-3351
  50. Nikolaou V, 2017, BRIT J DERMATOL, V176, P1321, DOI 10.1111/bjd.15000
  51. Novelli S, 2016, LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA, V57, P1060, DOI 10.3109/10428194.2015.1057894
  52. Olsen E, 2007, BLOOD, V110, P1713, DOI 10.1182/blood-2007-03-055749
  53. Olsen EA, 2022, BLOOD, V140, P419, DOI 10.1182/blood.2021012057
  54. Peck JR, 2013, AM J MED, V126, P1048, DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.08.007
  55. RAPPAPORT H, 1974, CANCER-AM CANCER SOC, V34, P1198, DOI 10.1002/1097-0142(197410)34:4<1198::AID-CNCR2820340431>3.0.CO;2-E
  56. Penate Y, 2018, ACTAS DERMO-SIFILOGR, V109, P610, DOI 10.1016/j.ad.2018.03.006
  57. Pimpinelli N, 2005, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V53, P1053, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.057
  58. Ponti R, 2008, J INVEST DERMATOL, V128, P1030, DOI 10.1038/sj.jid.5701109
  59. Prince HM, 2017, LANCET, V390, P555, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31266-7
  60. RIJLAARSDAM U, 1991, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V24, P216, DOI 10.1016/0190-9622(91)70029-2
  61. Riou-Gotta MO, 2008, LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA, V49, P1537, DOI 10.1080/10428190802136368
  62. Rodney IJ, 2017, J EUR ACAD DERMATOL, V31, P808, DOI 10.1111/jdv.13843
  63. Rothe MJ, 2005, CLIN DERMATOL, V23, P206, DOI 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.06.018
  64. Sanches JA, 2021, AN BRAS DERMATOL, V96, P458, DOI 10.1016/j.abd.2020.12.007
  65. Sanz-Bueno J, 2016, BRIT J DERMATOL, V175, P794, DOI 10.1111/bjd.14559
  66. Bhabha FK, 2021, AUSTRALAS J DERMATOL, V62, pE8, DOI 10.1111/ajd.13467
  67. SAUSVILLE EA, 1988, ANN INTERN MED, V109, P372, DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-109-5-372
  68. Scarisbrick JJ, 2019, BRIT J DERMATOL, V180, P1264, DOI 10.1111/bjd.17602
  69. Scarisbrick JJ, 2019, BRIT J DERMATOL, V181, P350, DOI 10.1111/bjd.17258
  70. Scarisbrick JJ, 2014, BRIT J DERMATOL, V170, P1226, DOI 10.1111/bjd.12909
  71. Scarisbrick JJ, 2020, J INVEST DERMATOL, V140, P281, DOI 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.440
  72. Scarisbrick JJ, 2018, EUR J CANCER, V93, P47, DOI 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.01.076
  73. Scarisbrick JJ, 2015, J CLIN ONCOL, V33, P3766, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.7142
  74. Schafernak KT, 2014, AM J DERMATOPATH, V36, P781, DOI 10.1097/DAD.0000000000000022
  75. Sezary A., 1938, B SOC FRANC DERM SYP, V45, P254
  76. Shamim H, 2019, J CUTAN PATHOL, V46, P645, DOI 10.1111/cup.13477
  77. Boonk SE, 2016, J INVEST DERMATOL, V136, P1364, DOI 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.038
  78. Sibbald C, 2016, BRIT J DERMATOL, V175, P807, DOI 10.1111/bjd.14605
  79. Steffen C, 2006, AM J DERMATOPATH, V28, P357, DOI 10.1097/00000372-200608000-00014
  80. Sufficool KE, 2015, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V73, P228, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.030
  81. Suzuki S, 2010, J DERMATOL SCI, V57, P37, DOI 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.10.010
  82. Talpur R, 2014, CL LYMPH MYELOM LEUK, V14, P518, DOI 10.1016/j.clml.2014.06.023
  83. Talpur R, 2012, CLIN CANCER RES, V18, P5051, DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0604
  84. Tarabadkar ES, 2019, FRONT ONCOL, V9, DOI 10.3389/fonc.2019.00260
  85. Torrealba MP, 2018, ONCOTARGET, V9, P3497, DOI 10.18632/oncotarget.23334
  86. Trautinger F, 2017, EUR J CANCER, V77, P57, DOI 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.02.027
  87. Ocampo OJV, 2020, ACTAS DERMO-SIFILOGR, V111, P149, DOI 10.1016/j.ad.2019.04.004
  88. Bradford PT, 2009, BLOOD, V113, P5064, DOI 10.1182/blood-2008-10-184168
  89. van Doorn R, 2002, ARCH DERMATOL, V138, P191, DOI 10.1001/archderm.138.2.191
  90. Berg RV, 2020, DERMATOLOGY, V236, P117, DOI 10.1159/000502027
  91. Vaughan J, 2012, AM J CLIN PATHOL, V137, P403, DOI 10.1309/AJCP7QHH5XASTJPL
  92. Vega F, 2002, BLOOD, V100, P3369, DOI 10.1182/blood.V100.9.3369
  93. Vonderheid EC, 2006, J CUTAN PATHOL, V33, P27, DOI 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.00541.x
  94. Vonderheid EC, 2003, HEMATOL ONCOL CLIN N, V17, P1367, DOI 10.1016/S0889-8588(03)00120-5
  95. VONDERHEID EC, 1992, AM J CLIN PATHOL, V97, P121, DOI 10.1093/ajcp/97.1.121
  96. Vonderheid EC, 2019, J CUTAN PATHOL, V46, P913, DOI 10.1111/cup.13564
  97. Wang RC, 2018, PATHOLOGY, V50, P718, DOI 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.08.008
  98. Willemze R, 2005, BLOOD, V105, P3768, DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3502
  99. BUNN PA, 1979, CANCER TREAT REP, V63, P725
  100. Willemze R, 2019, BLOOD, V133, P1703, DOI 10.1182/blood-2018-11-881268
  101. Yoo C, 2014, BLOOD RES, V49, P148, DOI 10.5045/br.2014.49.3.148
  102. Zackheim Herschel S, 2003, Dermatol Ther, V16, P283, DOI 10.1111/j.1396-0296.2003.01639.x
  103. Zackheim HS, 1999, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V40, P418, DOI 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70491-3
  104. BUNN PA, 1987, INT J CANCER, P9
  105. Burg G, 2015, CLIN DERMATOL, V33, P563, DOI 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.05.008
  106. Buus TB, 2018, BLOOD ADV, V2, P2115, DOI 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018022608
  107. Campbell JJ, 2010, BLOOD, V116, P767, DOI 10.1182/blood-2009-11-251926
  108. Castano E, 2013, J CUTAN PATHOL, V40, P924, DOI 10.1111/cup.12217
  109. Cerroni L, 2018, SEMIN CUTAN MED SURG, V37, P2, DOI 10.12788/j.sder.2018.002
  110. Cerroni L, 2017, SEMIN DIAGN PATHOL, V34, P3, DOI 10.1053/j.semdp.2016.11.001
  111. Cesar A, 2016, J DERMATOL CASE REP, V10, P1, DOI 10.3315/jdcr.2016.1222
  112. Clough L, 2020, CANCER-AM CANCER SOC, V126, P1700, DOI 10.1002/cncr.32665
  113. Criscione VD, 2007, ARCH DERMATOL, V143, P854, DOI 10.1001/archderm.143.7.854
  114. Damsky WE, 2016, CURR TREAT OPTION ON, V17, DOI 10.1007/s11864-016-0410-8
  115. Danish HH, 2016, LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA, V57, P2813, DOI 10.3109/10428194.2016.1173210
  116. Delfau-Larue MH, 2000, BLOOD, V96, P2987
  117. Demirkesen C, 2015, J CUTAN PATHOL, V42, P22, DOI 10.1111/cup.12423
  118. Deonizio JMD, 2018, INT J DERMATOL, V57, P675, DOI 10.1111/ijd.13967
  119. Deonizio JMD, 2016, INT J DERMATOL, V55, pE256, DOI 10.1111/ijd.13149
  120. Desai M, 2015, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V72, P276, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.10.019
  121. Dewar R, 2015, ARCH PATHOL LAB MED, V139, P338, DOI 10.5858/arpa.2014-0018-CP
  122. Diamandidou E, 1999, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V40, P914, DOI 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70079-4
  123. Diamandidou E, 1998, BLOOD, V92, P1150, DOI 10.1182/blood.V92.4.1150.416k04_1150_1159
  124. EPSTEIN EH, 1972, MEDICINE, V51, P61, DOI 10.1097/00005792-197201000-00004
  125. Fraser-Andrews EA, 2006, BRIT J DERMATOL, V155, P756, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07428.x
  126. Furlan FC, 2014, DERMATOLOGY, V229, P271, DOI 10.1159/000363319
  127. Furmanczyk PS, 2010, J CUTAN PATHOL, V37, P8, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01289.x
  128. Garces S, 2020, MODERN PATHOL, V33, P1104, DOI 10.1038/s41379-019-0440-4
  129. Geller S, 2019, BRIT J DERMATOL, V180, P1263, DOI 10.1111/bjd.17598
  130. Gerami P, 2008, ARCH DERMATOL, V144, P738, DOI 10.1001/archderm.144.6.738
  131. Ghazawi FM, 2017, CANCER-AM CANCER SOC, V123, P3550, DOI 10.1002/cncr.30758
  132. Gilson D, 2019, BRIT J DERMATOL, V180, P496, DOI 10.1111/bjd.17240
  133. GRAHAM SJ, 1993, CANCER-AM CANCER SOC, V72, P726, DOI 10.1002/1097-0142(19930801)72:3<726::AID-CNCR2820720316>3.0.CO;2-P
  134. Gru AA, 2018, AM J SURG PATHOL, V42, P726, DOI 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001041
  135. Guitart J, 2001, J CUTAN PATHOL, V28, P174, DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.028004174.x
  136. Guitart J, 2021, CYTOM PART B-CLIN CY, V100, P129, DOI 10.1002/cyto.b.21870
  137. Haththotuwa R, 2017, BRIT J DERMATOL, V177, P877, DOI 10.1111/bjd.15266
  138. Haynes L, 2009, CURR OPIN IMMUNOL, V21, P414, DOI 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.009
  139. Heymann WR, 2019, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V80, P1524, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.04.005
  140. Hodak E, 2019, CLIN DERMATOL, V37, P255, DOI 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.004
  141. Hodak E, 2016, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V75, P347, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.03.009
  142. Hodak E, 2014, J AM ACAD DERMATOL, V70, P993, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.029
  143. Hossain C, 2019, CHIN CLIN ONCOL, V8, DOI 10.21037/cco.2018.10.02
  144. Hristov AC, 2023, AM J HEMATOL, V98, P193, DOI 10.1002/ajh.26760